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Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity: the storm after acute brain injury

Accepted version
Peer-reviewed

Type

Article

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Authors

Meyfroidt, G 
Baguley, I 
Menon, DK 

Abstract

A substantial minority of patients who survive an acquired brain injury develop a state of sympathetic hyperactivity that can persist for weeks or months, consisting of periodic episodes of increased heart rate and blood pressure, sweating, hyperthermia, and motor posturing, often in response to external stimuli. The unifying term for the syndrome—paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH)—and clear diagnostic criteria defined by expert consensus were only recently established. PSH has predominantly been described after traumatic brain injury (TBI), in which it is associated with worse outcomes. The pathophysiology of the condition is not completely understood, although most researchers consider it to be a disconnection syndrome with paroxysms driven by a loss of inhibitory control over excitatory autonomic centres. Although therapeutic strategies to alleviate sympathetic outbursts have been proposed, their effects on PSH are inconsistent between patients and their influence on outcome is unknown. Combinations of drugs are frequently used and are chosen on the basis of local custom, rather than on objective evidence. New rigorous tools for diagnosis could allow better characterisation of PSH to enable stratification of patients for future therapeutic trials.

Description

Keywords

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases, Brain Injuries, Humans, Sympathetic Nervous System

Journal Title

The Lancet Neurology

Conference Name

Journal ISSN

1474-4422
1474-4465

Volume Title

16

Publisher

Elsevier
Sponsorship
Department of Health (via National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)) (unknown)
European Commission (602150)
GM is funded by the Research Foundation, Flanders as senior clinical investigator. DKM is supported by the National Institute for Healthcare Research (NIHR), UK, through the Acute Brain Injury and Repair theme of the Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and a NIHR Senior Investigator Award, and is supported by a European Union Framework Program 7 grant (CENTER-TBI; grant agreement no. 602150).