Intercalation of few-layer graphite flakes with FeCl3: Raman determination of Fermi level, layer by layer decoupling, and stability.

Authors
Zhao, Weijie 
Tan, Ping Heng 
Liu, Jian 
Ferrari, Andrea C 

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Article
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Abstract

We use anhydrous ferric chloride (FeCl(3)) to intercalate graphite flakes consisting of 2-4 graphene layers and to dope graphene monolayers. The intercalant, staging, stability, and doping of the resulting intercalation compounds (ICs) are characterized by Raman scattering. The G peak of heavily doped monolayer graphene upshifts to ∼1627 cm(-1). The 2-4 layer ICs have similar upshifts, and a Lorentzian line shape for the 2D band, indicating that each layer behaves as a decoupled heavily doped monolayer. By performing Raman measurements at different excitation energies, we show that, for a given doping level, the 2D peak can be suppressed by Pauli blocking for laser energy below the doping level. Thus, multiwavelength Raman spectroscopy allows a direct measurement of the Fermi level, complementary to that derived by performing measurements at fixed excitation energy significantly higher than the doping level. This allows us to estimate a Fermi level shift of up to ∼0.9 eV. These ICs are thus ideal test-beds for the physical and chemical properties of heavily doped graphenes.

Publication Date
2011-04-20
Online Publication Date
2011-03-24
Acceptance Date
Keywords
FERRIC-CHLORIDE, CHARGE-TRANSFER, SINGLE-LAYER, GRAPHENE, SPECTROSCOPY, SCATTERING, SPECTRA
Journal Title
J Am Chem Soc
Journal ISSN
0002-7863
1520-5126
Volume Title
133
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Sponsorship
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/G042357/1)