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The Whiteness of AI

Accepted version
Peer-reviewed

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Article

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Abstract

jats:titleAbstract</jats:title>jats:pThis paper focuses on the fact that AI is predominantly portrayed as white—in colour, ethnicity, or both. We first illustrate the prevalent Whiteness of real and imagined intelligent machines in four categories: humanoid robots, chatbots and virtual assistants, stock images of AI, and portrayals of AI in film and television. We then offer three interpretations of the Whiteness of AI, drawing on critical race theory, particularly the idea of the White racial frame. First, we examine the extent to which this Whiteness might simply reflect the predominantly White milieus from which these artefacts arise. Second, we argue that to imagine machines that are intelligent, professional, or powerful is to imagine White machines because the White racial frame ascribes these attributes predominantly to White people. Third, we argue that AI racialised as White allows for a full erasure of people of colour from the White utopian imaginary. Finally, we examine potential consequences of the racialisation of AI, arguing it could exacerbate bias and misdirect concern.</jats:p>

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Keywords

artificial intelligence, robots, critical race studies, racialisation, anthropomorphism, whiteness

Journal Title

Philosophy and Technology

Conference Name

Journal ISSN

2210-5433
2210-5441

Volume Title

33

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Rights

All rights reserved
Sponsorship
Templeton World Charity Foundation (TWCF) (TWCF0335)
Stephen Cave and Kanta Dihal are funded by the Leverhulme Trust (via grant number RC-2015-067 to the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence). Kanta Dihal is additionally funded through the support of grants from DeepMind Ethics & Society and Templeton World Charity Foundation, Inc. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Templeton World Charity Foundation, Inc.