jats:titleAjats:scbstract</jats:sc> </jats:title>jats:pThis paper presents measurements of charged-hadron spectra obtained in jats:italicpp</jats:italic>, jats:italicp</jats:italic>+Pb, and Pb+Pb collisions at jats:inline-formulajats:alternativesjats:tex-math$$ \sqrt{s} $$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> mml:msqrt mml:mis</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> or jats:inline-formulajats:alternativesjats:tex-math$$ \sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}} $$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> mml:msqrt mml:msub mml:mis</mml:mi> mml:miNN</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> = 5jats:italic.</jats:italic>02 TeV, and in Xe+Xe collisions at jats:inline-formulajats:alternativesjats:tex-math$$ \sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}} $$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> mml:msqrt mml:msub mml:mis</mml:mi> mml:miNN</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> = 5jats:italic.</jats:italic>44 TeV. The data recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC have total integrated luminosities of 25 pbjats:supjats:italic−</jats:italic>1</jats:sup>, 28 nbjats:supjats:italic−</jats:italic>1</jats:sup>, 0.50 nbjats:supjats:italic−</jats:italic>1</jats:sup>, and 3 jats:italicμ</jats:italic>bjats:supjats:italic−</jats:italic>1</jats:sup>, respectively. The nuclear modification factors jats:italicR</jats:italic>jats:subjats:italicp</jats:italic>Pb</jats:sub> and jats:italicR</jats:italic>jats:subAA</jats:sub> are obtained by comparing the spectra in heavy-ion and jats:italicpp</jats:italic> collisions in a wide range of charged-particle transverse momenta and pseudorapidity. The nuclear modification factor jats:italicR</jats:italic>jats:subjats:italicp</jats:italic>Pb</jats:sub> shows a moderate enhancement above unity with a maximum at jats:italicp</jats:italic>jats:subT</jats:sub> ≈ 3 GeV; the enhancement is stronger in the Pb-going direction. The nuclear modification factors in both Pb+Pb and Xe+Xe collisions feature a significant, centrality-dependent suppression. They show a similar distinct jats:italicp</jats:italic>jats:subT</jats:sub>-dependence with a local maximum at jats:italicp</jats:italic>jats:subT</jats:sub> ≈ 2 GeV and a local minimum at jats:italicp</jats:italic>jats:subT</jats:sub> ≈ 7 GeV. This dependence is more distinguishable in more central collisions. No significant |jats:italicη</jats:italic>|-dependence is found. A comprehensive comparison with several theoretical predictions is also provided. They typically describe jats:italicR</jats:italic>jats:subAA</jats:sub> better in central collisions and in the jats:italicp</jats:italic>jats:subT</jats:sub> range from about 10 to 100 GeV.</jats:p>