Exploring foodscapes in Small Island Developing States through a transition lens: a mixed-methods investigation

Abstract

This research is an investigation of foodscapes in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). I explore the complex relationships shaping food systems, diet, and health with respect to the social practices involved in sourcing food in this context. SIDS are a group of 57 diverse countries that have some of the highest rates of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the world and a heavy reliance on unhealthy imported foods. These issues stem from structural constraints, trade liberalisation agreements, climate change, and colonial legacies, undermining SIDS's political autonomy and food sovereignty. Addressing these challenges is viewed as a matter of climate and social justice. I explore the connections between public health, sustainability, and equity; demonstrate that understanding food sourcing practices is important in navigating these connections; and determine how these practices evolve amid rapidly changing environments. Using a mixed-methods approach, I conduct four distinct empirical studies, including evidence synthesis, case study, primary qualitative research, and complex systems thinking. By integrating different types of data and perspectives, I create a nuanced and holistic understanding of foodscapes in SIDS. My synthesis identifies the socio-cultural, economic, and environmental factors which influence food sourcing and their dynamic nature across time and generations. Pathways between food sourcing and food consumption were often meandering, not direct; thus, over-simplistic notions of this relationship must be challenged to understand their social meanings and consequent implications for dietary patterns. I reflect on the value of certain food sources as equalisers of social status and their diverse roles in relation to food sovereignty. I delve into methodological aspects and current debates to propose general principles and practical guidance to facilitate more equitable research practices that include SIDS voices in the process of knowledge production. I pay particular attention to food sharing practices (food exchanges without monetary means) in Caribbean SIDS. I demonstrate their importance in strengthening social cohesion and preserving cultural identity. Through examining the dynamic patterns of these practices, I highlight a tension between self-preserving behaviours and a sense of community and collective well-being. Overall, I provide a foundation to preserve and support the existing value of food sharing practices in the Caribbean region. Doing so could help to better inform policy and practice aimed at promoting healthier, more equitable, and sustainable food systems in SIDS.