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The time evolution of dusty protoplanetary disc radii: Observed and physical radii differ

Published version
Peer-reviewed

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Authors

Rosotti, GP 
Booth, RA 
Testi, L 
Lodato, G 

Abstract

Proto-planetary disc surveys conducted with ALMA are measuring disc radii in multiple star forming regions. The disc radius is a fundamental quantity to diagnose whether discs undergo viscous spreading, discriminating between viscosity or angular momentum removal by winds as drivers of disc evolution. Observationally, however, the sub-mm continuum emission is dominated by the dust, which also drifts inwards, complicating the picture. In this paper we investigate, using theoretical models of dust grain growth and radial drift, how the radii of dusty viscous proto-planetary discs evolve with time. Despite the existence of a sharp outer edge in the dust distribution, we find that the radius enclosing most of the dust mass increases with time, closely following the evolution of the gas radius. This behaviour arises because, although dust initially grows and drifts rapidly onto the star, the residual dust retained on Myr timescales is relatively well coupled to the gas. Observing the expansion of the dust disc requires using definitions based on high fractions of the disc flux (e.g. 95 per cent) and very long integrations with ALMA, because the dust grains in the outer part of the disc are small and have a low sub-mm opacity. We show that existing surveys lack the sensitivity to detect viscous spreading. The disc radii they measure do not trace the mass radius or the sharp outer edge in the dust distribution, but the outer limit of where the grains have significant sub-mm opacity. We predict that these observed radii should shrink with time.

Description

Keywords

accretion, accretion discs, planets and satellites: formation, protoplanetary discs, circumstellar matter, submillimetre: planetary systems

Journal Title

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Conference Name

Journal ISSN

0035-8711
1365-2966

Volume Title

486

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Rights

All rights reserved
Sponsorship
European Research Council (341137)
European Commission Horizon 2020 (H2020) Marie Sk?odowska-Curie actions (823823)
Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/N000927/1)
Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/S000623/1)