One Size Does Not Fit All: The Need for Sex-Specific Precision Medicine in Diabetes Technology.

Abstract

Incorporating sex-specific factors in diabetes research and treatment is essential for advancing precision medicine. There are critical gaps in understanding and applying sex-related differences. Female-specific diabetes pathophysiology manifests in three major areas: life cycle phases (including puberty, pregnancy, and menopause), lifestyle factors (such as responses to nutrition and physical activity), and insulin pharmacology. These elements significantly affect insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in women, yet are frequently underrepresented or ignored in both research and clinical practice. Greater research and clinical focus across these domains is needed to better understand and address sex-based differences in diabetes. Identifying and filling evidence gaps will support more systematic and effective care.