“Thin Adoption” and Hidden Costs of OpenBIM Interoperability: Mixed-Methods Study in China’s Construction Industry

Abstract

Abstract Building information modeling (BIM) is a collaborative process for creating and managing digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of facilities, central to the digital transformation of the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. Despite OpenBIM standards like industry foundation classes (IFC), cross-platform interoperability remains a significant challenge to AEC digital transformation. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study examines BIM interoperability issues and hidden costs through interviews with 15 Chinese AEC professionals and a survey of 216 respondents. Key findings include: (1) only 14.75% regularly use IFC, with limited IFC understanding; (2) over half experience attribute loss and multiple concurrent interoperability issues; (3) only 16.13% can quantify interoperability costs; and (4) larger firms and those with diverse tools face more frequent problems and hidden costs. Although the AEC industry recognizes these issues, willingness to invest in solutions remains low. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by providing the first large-scale empirical benchmarks on OpenBIM interoperability practices in China, proposing a four-category hidden cost taxonomy, and developing a multilevel associative framework linking institutional, organizational, and technical factors to cost manifestations. This paper offers evidence-based recommendations for stakeholders. Practical Applications This research has direct relevance for practitioners. The finding that more than half of all issues result from losing attributes with IFC export configuration will be reduced through targeted procedural training to prevent the need to rework that currently consumes anywhere from 10% to 30% of a project coordinator’s effort. The four-category cost taxonomy also provides a framework for diagnosing where the losses occur. Systematic quality control has been shown to dramatically reduce the perceived severity of issues, which supports utilizing formalized processes versus informal processes as an investment in the successful delivery of projects. Additionally, if regional standards are fragmented, it may create more barriers and therefore provide additional rationale for cross-jurisdictional alignment of standards. Finally, the thin/thick adoption distinction provides a mechanism for self-assessment of the degree of interoperability maturity of an organization or jurisdiction.