Changing the economic environment has some potential to influence patterns of diet and physical activity and thereby improve population health and reduce inequalities. We conducted a systematic scoping review to identify and describe current evidence for the effects of either specific interventions that change prices or income, or general exposure to variations in prices or income, on diet- and physical activity-related behaviours, their proximal consequences (food, energy or nutrient intake or energy expenditure) and their more distal consequences (risk factors for non-communicable diseases).