Volcanic Radiative Forcing From 1979 to 2015
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Authors
Publication Date
2018Journal Title
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
ISSN
2169-897X
Publisher
American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Volume
123
Issue
22
Pages
12-508
Type
Article
This Version
AM
Metadata
Show full item recordCitation
Schmidt, A., Mills, M., Ghan, S., Gregory, J., Allan, R., Andrews, T., Bardeen, C., et al. (2018). Volcanic Radiative Forcing From 1979 to 2015. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123 (22), 12-508. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028776
Abstract
Using volcanic sulfur dioxide emissions in an aerosol-climate model we derive a time-series of global-mean volcanic effective radiative forcing (ERF) from 1979 to 2015. For 2005-2015, we calculate a global multi-annual mean volcanic ERF of 0.08 W m 2 relative to the volcanically quiescent 1999-2002 period, due to a high frequency of small-to-moderate-magnitude explosive eruptions after 2004. For eruptions of large magnitude such as 1991 Mt. Pinatubo, our model-simulated volcanic ERF, which accounts for rapid adjustments including aerosol perturbations of clouds, is less negative than that reported in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) that only accounted for stratospheric temperature adjustments. We find that, when rapid adjustments are considered, the relation between volcanic forcing and volcanic stratospheric optical depth (SAOD) is 13-21% weaker than reported in IPCC AR5 for large-magnitude eruptions. Further, our analysis of the recurrence frequency of eruptions reveals that sulfur-rich small-to-moderate-magnitude eruptions with column heights 10 km occur frequently, with periods of volcanic quiescence being statistically rare. Small-to-moderate-magnitude eruptions should therefore be included in climate model simulations, given the 50% chance of one or two eruptions to occur in any given year. Not all of these eruptions affect the stratospheric aerosol budget, but those that do increase the non-volcanic background SAOD by ~0.004 on average, contributing ~50% to the total SAOD in the absence of large-magnitude eruptions. This equates to a volcanic ERF of about 0.10 W m 2, which is about two-thirds of the ERF from ozone changes induced by ozone-depleting substances.
Sponsorship
Natural Environment Research Council (NE/N006038/1)
Identifiers
External DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028776
This record's URL: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286701
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