The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)

Abstract

<jats:p><jats:italic>Arthropleura</jats:italic> is a genus of giant myriapods that ranged from the early Carboniferous to Early Permian, with some individuals attaining lengths &gt;2 m. Although most of the known fossils of the genus are disarticulated and occur primarily in late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) strata, we report here partially articulated <jats:italic>Arthropleura</jats:italic> remains from the early Carboniferous Stainmore Formation (Serpukhovian; Pendleian) in the Northumberland Basin of northern England. This 76 × 36 cm specimen represents part of an exuvium and is notable because only two comparably articulated giant <jats:italic>Arthropleura</jats:italic> fossils are previously known. It represents one of the largest known arthropod fossils and the largest arthropleurid recovered to date, the earliest (Mississippian) body fossil evidence for gigantism in <jats:italic>Arthropleura</jats:italic>, and the first instance of a giant arthropleurid body fossil within the same regional sedimentary succession as the large arthropod trackway <jats:italic>Diplichnites cuithensis</jats:italic>. The remains represent 12–14 anterior <jats:italic>Arthropleura</jats:italic> tergites in the form of a partially sand-filled dorsal exoskeleton. The original organism is estimated to have been 55 cm in width and up to 2.63 m in length, weighing <jats:italic>c.</jats:italic> 50 kg. The specimen is preserved partially in three dimensions within fine sandstone and has been moderately deformed by synsedimentary tectonics. Despite imperfect preservation, the specimen corroborates the hypothesis that <jats:italic>Arthropleura</jats:italic> had a tough, sclerotized exoskeleton. Sedimentological evidence for a lower delta plain depositional environment supports the contention that <jats:italic>Arthropleura</jats:italic> preferentially occupied open woody habitats, rather than swampy environments, and that it shared such habitats with tetrapods. When viewed in the context of all the other global evidence for <jats:italic>Arthropleura,</jats:italic> the specimen contributes to a dataset that shows the genus had an equatorially restricted palaeogeographical range, achieved gigantism prior to late Paleozoic peaks in atmospheric oxygen, and was relatively unaffected by climatic events in the late Carboniferous, prior to its extinction in the early Permian.</jats:p><jats:p content-type="supplementary-material"><jats:bold>Supplementary material:</jats:bold> Images of 3D mesh model of <jats:italic>Arthropleura</jats:italic> are available at <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5715450">https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5715450</jats:ext-link></jats:p>