Modeling Inner Proton Belt Variability at Energies 1 to 10 MeV Using BAS‐PRO

Abstract

Abstract Geomagnetically trapped protons forming Earth's proton radiation belt pose a hazard to orbiting spacecraft. In particular, solar cell degradation is caused by non‐ionising collisions with protons at energies of several megaelectron volts (MeV), which can shorten mission lifespan. Dynamic enhancements in trapped proton flux following solar energetic particle events have been observed to last several months, and there is a strong need for physics‐based modeling to predict the impact on spacecraft. However, modeling proton belt variability at this energy is challenging because radial diffusion coefficients are not well constrained. We address this by using the British Antarctic Survey proton belt model BAS‐PRO to perform 3D simulations of the proton belt in the region 1.15 ≤ L ≤ 2 from 2014 to 2018. The model is driven by measurements from the Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment and Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer instruments carried by the Van Allen Probe satellites. To investigate sensitivity, simulations are repeated for three different sets of proton radial diffusion coefficients D LL taken from previous literature. Comparing the time evolution of each result, we find that solar cycle variability can drive up to a ∼75% increase in 7.5 MeV flux at L = 1.3 over four years due to the increased importance of collisional loss at low energies. We also show how the anisotropy of proton pitch angle distributions varies with L and energy, depending on D LL . However we find that phase space density can vary by three orders of magnitude at L = 1.4 and μ = 20 MeV/G due to uncertainty in D LL , highlighting the need to better constrain proton D LL at low energy. Key Points Uncertainty in proton D LL can lead to several orders of magnitude difference in modeled steady state phase space density at μ = 20 MeV/G Transition from solar maximum to minimum drives a significant increase in flux of 7.5 MeV equatorial protons at L = 1.3 Anisotropy of proton pitch angle distributions at L < 1.5 shows either an increase or decrease toward higher L depending on D LL