Sequence determinants of human gene regulatory elements.
Authors
Hartonen, Tuomo
Wei, Bei
Dave, Kashyap
Zhu, Fangjie
Kivioja, Teemu
Publication Date
2022-03Journal Title
Nat Genet
ISSN
1061-4036
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Volume
54
Issue
3
Pages
283-294
Language
en
Type
Article
This Version
VoR
Metadata
Show full item recordCitation
Sahu, B., Hartonen, T., Pihlajamaa, P., Wei, B., Dave, K., Zhu, F., Kaasinen, E., et al. (2022). Sequence determinants of human gene regulatory elements.. Nat Genet, 54 (3), 283-294. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-01009-4
Description
Funder: Sigrid Juséliuksen Säätiö (Sigrid Jusélius Foundation); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100006306
Funder: Jane ja Aatos Erkon Säätiö (Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004012
Funder: Syöpäsäätiö (Cancer Foundation Finland); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100010711
Funder: Emil Aaltosen Säätiö (Emil Aaltonen Foundation); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004756
Funder: Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100009252
Funder: CIMED
Abstract
DNA can determine where and when genes are expressed, but the full set of sequence determinants that control gene expression is unknown. Here, we measured the transcriptional activity of DNA sequences that represent an ~100 times larger sequence space than the human genome using massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs). Machine learning models revealed that transcription factors (TFs) generally act in an additive manner with weak grammar and that most enhancers increase expression from a promoter by a mechanism that does not appear to involve specific TF-TF interactions. The enhancers themselves can be classified into three types: classical, closed chromatin and chromatin dependent. We also show that few TFs are strongly active in a cell, with most activities being similar between cell types. Individual TFs can have multiple gene regulatory activities, including chromatin opening and enhancing, promoting and determining transcription start site (TSS) activity, consistent with the view that the TF binding motif is the key atomic unit of gene expression.
Keywords
Article, /631/553, /631/114, /631/208/191, /631/208/200, /13/1, /13/106, /13/109, /38/22, /38/39, /38/47, /38/77, /38/91, /45/23, article
Sponsorship
Cancer Research UK (CRUK) (C55958/A28801/RG99643)
Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia) (250345, 312042, 274555, 317807, 288836)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) (MR/V000500/1)
Identifiers
s41588-021-01009-4, 1009
External DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-01009-4
This record's URL: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/335012
Rights
Licence:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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