Anisotropy in Pantheon+ supernovae

Abstract

We employ maximum likelihood estimators to examine the Pantheon+ catalogue of Type Ia supernovae for large scale anisotropies in the expansion rate of the Universe. The analyses are carried out in the heliocentric frame, the CMB frame, as well as the Local Group frame. In all frames, the Hubble expansion rate in the redshift range 0.0235σ$$>5\sigma $$ significance, consistent with previous findings using the SDSSII/SNLS3 Joint Lightcurve Analysis catalogue. The inferred cosmic acceleration cannot therefore be due to a cosmological constant, but is likely a general relativistic effect due to the anomalous bulk flow in our local Universe.