Pancreatic cancer.

Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remains one of the deadliest malignancies, characterized by late diagnosis, aggressive biology and limited therapeutic success. Advances in multiagent chemotherapy have improved outcomes across disease stages, whereas precision medicine approaches are reshaping treatment paradigms. Personalized RNA vaccines and oncogenic KRAS-directed agents represent emerging immunological and molecular frontiers. Multimodal treatment regimens and surgical innovations, including vessel-oriented and minimally invasive techniques, have enhanced complete resection rates and enabled conversion of initially unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer into resectable disease. Increasingly, multidisciplinary, biology-guided strategies define resectability and the sequence of systemic and local therapies. The tumour microenvironment's complex stromal and immune ecology remains central to therapeutic resistance but also offers opportunities for rational combination therapy. Early detection and risk-adapted surveillance for high-risk individuals are advancing, as are artificial intelligence-assisted imaging and liquid biopsy approaches. Despite persistent challenges, the convergence of mechanistic insights, precision therapeutics and supportive care provides a framework for transforming pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma from an inevitably lethal disease towards a better manageable condition.