Development of functional optical filters via vat photopolymerization for advanced optical applications

Abstract

This study explores the development of 3D-printed functional composite optical filters fabricated via vat photopolymerization using a customized photosensitive resin reinforced with various additives. These composite filters were designed to function across the ultraviolet and visible (UV–Vis) light spectrum and were developed by incorporating alcohol inks (black, blue, green, rose, and their mixtures), including 2D materials such as molybdenum (IV) sulfide (MoS2), and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) to optimize color and absorption properties. Comprehensive structural, morphological, mechanical, and optical characterizations were performed to assess the photopolymerization process, manufacturing quality, mechanical integrity, and wavelength-selective optical performance of the filters. Thermal and environmental stabilities were evaluated using specialized setups, revealing that filters incorporating MoS2 and GNP exhibited excellent light absorption and stability, particularly under thermal and humid conditions, while ink-based filters showed moderate but comparable performance. UV stability analysis confirmed full UV absorption below 400 nm under standard conditions, while prolonged exposure led to selective UVB absorption with partial UVA transmission. Transmission and absorption spectra analysis further indicated that sample thickness, material composition, and ink concentration significantly influence optical properties. These findings highlight the potential of 3D printing for creating customizable, tunable, and stable optical filters suited for spectrophotometry, imaging, and sensing applications. This work positions vat photopolymerization as a versatile and promising fabrication technique for producing advanced, application-specific optical components.